{"id":14413,"date":"2023-11-07T01:58:22","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T09:58:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pingcap.com\/?p=14413"},"modified":"2025-08-18T03:00:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T10:00:32","slug":"tidb-cloud-serverless-driver-seamless-connectivity-edge-environments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pingcap.com\/ko\/blog\/tidb-cloud-serverless-driver-seamless-connectivity-edge-environments\/","title":{"rendered":"TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver (Beta):\u00a0 Seamless Database Connectivity in Edge Environments\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We are excited to unveil <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.pingcap.com\/tidbcloud\/serverless-driver\">TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver<\/a> (Beta) for JavaScript, your gateway to seamless database connectivity in edge computing environments. With this driver, you can now effortlessly connect to TiDB Serverless from edge environments such as Cloudflare Workers, Vercel Edge Functions, and Netlify Edge Functions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"\/ko\/tidb-cloud-starter\/\">TiDB Serverless<\/a> is a fully managed cloud Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) for auto-scaling workloads built with TiDB, an advanced open-source,&nbsp;distributed SQL database with MySQL compatibility. This offering not only facilitates easy connectivity but also empowers you to leverage the robust capabilities of TiDB, ensuring optimal performance and scalability for your database operations in edge computing scenarios.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_Embracing_Database_Connections_with_Edge_Computing\"><\/span><strong>Challenges Embracing Database Connections with Edge Computing<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Edge computing is a paradigm that aims to minimize latency by bringing computing resources as close to end users as possible. Many modern serverless platforms offer edge computing solutions, such as Vercel Edge Function, Cloudflare Workers, and Netlify Edge Function. These platforms leverage a global edge network to run the code in proximity to the end user to reduce network latency and increase performance significantly.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Previously, applications connected to TiDB Serverless using traditional MySQL drivers like mysql2. However, when it comes to edge computing, achieving fine-grained sandboxing and ultra-low latency typically requires using JavaScript runtimes and engines other than Node.js, such as the V8 engine. These runtimes and engines often lack robust TCP support and full Node.js compatibility. Consequently, traditional MySQL drivers fall short of expectations for edge environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Serverless_Driver_A_Purpose-built_Driver_for_Edge_Database_Connectivity\"><\/span><strong>Serverless Driver: A Purpose-built Driver for Edge Database Connectivity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To address the database connectivity challenges in edge environments, we have developed the TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver, the JavaScript driver purpose-built for edge environments. It offers several key benefits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Improved performance: <\/strong>The serverless driver is optimized for serverless settings, delivering superior performance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secure data transfer:<\/strong> The serverless driver facilitates secure data extraction and insertion from TiDB Serverless in edge environments via HTTPS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Familiar user experience:<\/strong> The serverless driver provides an easy-to-use and familiar experience for developers who are used to traditional MySQL drivers, ensuring a smooth transition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond the driver specifications, edge functions require a database capable of managing tens of thousands of connections\u2014a demand that TiDB Serverless meets effortlessly. TiDB Serverless, coupled with a serverless driver, overcomes the limitations inherent to edge functions and effectively bridges the gap between edge computing and databases in serverless environments.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How Do Serverless Drivers Work?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The serverless driver is a lightweight wrapper for the gateway, an internal component that provides HTTPS API.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1157\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015541\/image-4.png\" alt=\"Seamless database connectivity with edge environments\" class=\"wp-image-14457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015541\/image-4.png 1157w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015541\/image-4-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015541\/image-4-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015541\/image-4-768x358.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1157px) 100vw, 1157px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Figure 1.  Serverless Driver Work Flow<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By initiating HTTPS requests to the gateway, the serverless driver provides user-friendly interfaces and configurations to ensure a seamless conversion of database data types to JavaScript data types. Upon receiving the HTTPS request, the gateway establishes communication with the corresponding TiDB instance over a TCP connection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s worth noting that the gateway maintains the TCP connection for just a brief period to optimize query speed and support transactions. It won\u2019t keep the connection open for extended periods of inactivity. When a TCP connection closes, the gateway behaves differently for transactional and non-transactional requests:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For non-transactional requests, the gateway opens a new TCP connection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For transactional requests, the gateway rolls back the entire transaction with an invalid connection response.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Using_TiDB_Cloud_Serverless_Driver_for_Edge_Database_Connectivity\"><\/span><strong>Using TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver<\/strong> for Edge Database Connectivity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver preserves the familiar experience of MySQL developers through simple interfaces, thus minimizing the learning curve. As an application developer, you can effortlessly integrate the serverless driver into your existing applications without straying from your accustomed practices.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Install<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The driver is published as a npm package. Install it with the following command:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Shell\nnpm install @tidbcloud\/serverless<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Connect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before executing SQL, establish a connection using the following code:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>JavaScript\nconst conn = connect({url: 'mysql:\/\/&#91;username]:&#91;password]@&#91;host]\/&#91;database]'})<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Execute<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use the &#8216;execute&#8217; function to run SQL commands or parameterized SQL queries as shown below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Run SQL Command:&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>JavaScript\nconst results = await conn.execute('select * from test where id = 1')<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use parameterized SQL queries:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>JavaScript\nconst id = 1\nconst results = await conn.execute('select * from test where id = ?', &#91;id])\nconst results = await conn.execute('select * from test where id = :id', {id:id})<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Transactions (Experimental)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can also perform transactions. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>import { connect } from '@tidbcloud\/serverless'\n\nconst conn = connect({url: 'mysql:\/\/&#91;username]:&#91;password]@&#91;host]\/&#91;database]'})\n\nasync function transfer(sender_id: string, receiver_id: string, amount: number) {\n    try {\n      const tx = await conn.begin()\n      \/\/ decrement amount from the sender.\n      await tx.execute('update accounts set balance = balance - ? WHERE account_id = ?',&#91;amount,sender_id])\n      \/\/ check the balance of sender\n      const sender = tx.execute('select balance from accounts where account_id = ?',&#91;sender_id])\n      if (sender&#91;0].balance &lt; 0) {\n          throw new Error(`${from} doesn't have enough balance`)\n      }\n      \/\/ increment amount from the receiver.\n      await tx.execute('update accounts set balance = balance + ? WHERE account_id = ?',&#91;amount,receiver_id])\n      await tx.commit()\n    } catch (err) {\n      await tx.rollback()\n      throw err\n    }\n}\n\ntransfer('sender_id','receiver_id',100)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>In the above example, an exception trigger results in the rollback of the entire transaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, you can control rollback actions based on intermediate results per your specific business logic requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more detailed usage of the serverless driver, refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.pingcap.com\/tidbcloud\/serverless-driver\">documentation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Serverless Driver in Action<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To demonstrate best practices for connecting to TiDB Serverless from edge environments, we\u2019ve created a live example called <a href=\"https:\/\/car-sales-insight.vercel.app\/\">car-sale-insight<\/a>. We deployed the backend using various edge computing solutions, including Vercel Edge Function, Cloudflare Workers, and Netlify Edge Function. All you need to do is deploy the frontend locally or on your preferred deployment platform. Then, simply select the desired backend solution from a dropdown menu. There\u2019s no requirement for additional backend configuration or extra steps \u2014 it&#8217;s that straightforward!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"897\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233547\/image-897x1024.png\" alt=\"Seamless database connectivity with edge environments - Live demo\" class=\"wp-image-14414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233547\/image-897x1024.png 897w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233547\/image-263x300.png 263w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233547\/image-768x876.png 768w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233547\/image-1346x1536.png 1346w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233547\/image.png 1402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 897px) 100vw, 897px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Figure 2. Insight into automotive sales <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/tidbcloud\/car-sales-insight\">care-sale-insight<\/a> repository contains examples of popular edge providers. Feel free to use them as a starting point to connect your TiDB Serverless from the edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evaluating_Serverless_Drivers_Performance_in_Edge_Environments\"><\/span><strong>Evaluating Serverless Driver\u2019s Performance in Edge Environments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To demonstrate the performance of the serverless driver, we conducted a few tests based on the &#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/vercel-labs\/edge-data-latency\">edge-data-latency&#8217; project by Vercel<\/a>. We ran the performance tests using Vercel Function, with the following critical factors in consideration:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Protocol: HTTP or TCP<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Environment: Serverless Function or Edge Function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geographical Location: <a href=\"https:\/\/vercel.com\/blog\/regional-execution-for-ultra-low-latency-rendering-at-the-edge\">Regional or Global<\/a> (indicating whether the edge function is deployed in the same region as the database)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Note<\/em><\/strong><em>:&nbsp; While proximity to users often reduces latency of the edge environment, the location of the database is a critical consideration. Since the database is primarily single-region, having the edge function close to the database is beneficial. Vercel allows configuring the Edge Function in the same region as the database, whereas the Serverless Function can only be regional.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Query: Number of queries and data size<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Considering these key factors, we evaluated performance across four different scenario combinations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Combination<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Driver<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Environment<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Geo Location<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>serverless (HTTPS)<\/td><td>Edge function<\/td><td>Global<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>serverless (HTTPS)<\/td><td>Edge function<\/td><td>Regional<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>serverless (HTTPS)<\/td><td>Serverless function<\/td><td>Regional<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>mysql2 (TCP)<\/td><td>Serverless function<\/td><td>Regional<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We used the following metrics for the evaluation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Processing Time: Duration taken by the function to execute the queries and return the result.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>End-to-end: Time taken for the client to receive the result, influenced by the user&#8217;s internet connection and location.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For each combination mentioned above, we executed a single query with a SELECT statement ten times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Global vs Regional<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following charts show the comparison tests between combination 1 and combination 2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1-1024x535.png\" alt=\"Seamless database connectivity with edge environments - comparision group 1\" class=\"wp-image-14415\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9140186915887851;width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1-1024x535.png 1024w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1-768x401.png 768w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1-1536x803.png 1536w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1-1440x752.png 1440w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/01233553\/image-1.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Figure 3. Global vs Regional  <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s evident from the tests that global edge functions exhibit longer durations in both processing time and end-to-end latency tests compared to their regional counterparts. Therefore, it\u2019s safe to say that configuring the Edge function to the same region as your database can significantly enhance your application&#8217;s speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Edge Function vs Serverless Function<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following charts show the comparison between combination 2 and combination 3. Due to the cold start time, only end-to-end latency was measured.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"544\" src=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015754\/image-5-1024x544.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015754\/image-5-1024x544.png 1024w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015754\/image-5-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015754\/image-5-768x408.png 768w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015754\/image-5.png 1284w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Figure 4. Edge vs Serverless<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are our observations for test group 2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The first query (#1) for both combinations takes longer because it includes the cold start time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cold start takes 1104ms for the edge function and 1905ms for the serverless function. If your application does not query the database frequently and always encounters a cold start, you may consider using the edge function.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For the remaining queries, both combinations performed similarly with an average latency of 500ms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Serverless Driver vs MySQL2 Driver<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following charts show the comparison between combination 3 and combination 4.<br>Only processing time is measured, as it is hard to tell the difference with end-to-end latencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/02002337\/image-3-1024x510.png\" alt=\"serverless driver - comparison group 3\" class=\"wp-image-14417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/02002337\/image-3-1024x510.png 1024w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/02002337\/image-3-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/02002337\/image-3-768x382.png 768w, https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/02002337\/image-3.png 1250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Figure 5. Serverless&nbsp;vs MySQL2<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On average, the serverless driver exhibits a processing time of 13ms, while the MySQL2 driver takes 21ms. Our serverless driver over HTTPs outperformed the traditional TCP connection method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Edge Database Connectivity Performance Evaluation Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, the serverless driver, when paired with TiDB Serverless in Vercel Functions, showcases notable performance. It outperforms the traditional MySQL2 driver operating over TCP, with significantly lower average processing times. Moreover, for applications encountering infrequent database queries and cold starts, the synergy of the serverless driver with edge functions presents a compelling advantage. By leveraging the serverless driver&#8217;s efficiency and lower latency, developers can boost the overall responsiveness of their applications. This makes it a viable option for those seeking optimized performance and reliability in a serverless environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver not only enables seamless database connectivity to TiDB Serverless from various edge computing platforms but also exhibits impressive performance metrics. For application developers, serverless drivers bridge the gap between serverless databases and edge environments, enabling optimized, low-latency database interactions in edge computing scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver is still in the beta stage with a fast iteration pace. Any <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/tidbcloud\/serverless-js\/issues\">feedback<\/a> is welcomed.&nbsp;Try <a href=\"https:\/\/tidbcloud.com\/\">TiDB Serverless<\/a> and TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver free now!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We are excited to unveil TiDB Cloud Serverless Driver (Beta) for JavaScript, your gateway to seamless database connectivity in edge computing environments. With this driver, you can now effortlessly connect to TiDB Serverless from edge environments such as Cloudflare Workers, Vercel Edge Functions, and Netlify Edge Functions.&nbsp; TiDB Serverless is a fully managed cloud Database-as-a-Service [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":250,"featured_media":14452,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[234,233,111,208],"class_list":["post-14413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-product","tag-database-connectivity","tag-edge-computing","tag-tidb","tag-tidb-serverless"],"acf":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/static.pingcap.com\/files\/2023\/11\/07015042\/serverless-driver-banner.jpeg","author_info":{"display_name":"Yuhang Shi","author_link":"https:\/\/www.pingcap.com\/ko\/blog\/author\/shiyuhang\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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